New Release Coming Soon!

First, an apology. Every day I get emails asking if I am still writing and when the next book will be published. I am writing, it just takes me longer these days. My body doesn't like sitting, my brain is slower and I have to check and recheck every detail. The good news is that my next book. Marguerite: Hell Hath no fury - the story of Marguerite of Anjou is complete, and currently with the editor. That means the end is in sight. I will be setting up a pre-order soon.

I don't think I have read a book, fiction or  otherwise, in which Marguerite is shown in a good light. That is because she is one of history's losers. When her husband, King Henry VI, became mentally ill and unable to rule, she saw it as her duty to step into his shoes. The English lords had other ideas, they disliked her not just because she was a woman but because she was French. England had been at war with France for hundred years but the glory years under Henry V were long over, the country was impoverished yet still men were dying for a war already lost. The union between Henry and Marguerite was part of a peace treaty - a lull in the fighting while the opposing parties worked  out their differences but the English blamed Marguerite for the loss of French territories and viewed her as a spy. 

Marguerite came from a family of strong women, her mother and grandmother both ruled in their husband's stead while their men were otherwise engaged. She had a nose for politics, spoke out when other women kept silent and influenced the king on matters of state. None of these things won Marguerite friends in England. The Duke of York in particular did his utmost to undermine her, even before the king fell ill.

As Henry's heir the last thing he wanted was for Marguerite to prove an adept leader, he was even less enthusiastic for her to produce an heir. So when Marguerite announced her pregnancy shortly after the king was struck with his strange malaise, a rumour began that the child she was carrying was fathered by Edmund Beaufort. You don't have to look far to discern the perpetrator of this rumour.

Without giving away too much of the plot, the dissent between the queen and the Duke of York escalated into a prolonged civil war; a war that lasted for four decades, costing an estimated 30 -38,000 deaths in some of English history's bloodiest battles.

Marguerite's hopes were finally extinguished at Tewkesbury where seventeen year old son, Edward of Lancaster, perished in battle. During the course of the war, Marguerite's power was usurped, her king imprisoned, her son disinherited; she was exiled, slandered and finally beaten but she never gave up until her son was killed and she had nothing left to fight for.

Had circumstances been different of course, she would be lauded as a hero but instead  has been remembered in history as a she-wolf and an adulteress. Modern authors have taken their cue from Shakespeare who pulled no punches when he described as a “Foreigner, white devil, shrew, virago, vengeful fury” and demonised her as  “a foul wrinkled witch’ and a ‘hateful withered hag.” 

As always when I write, I try to stand back and let the protagonist tell their own story. Recorded events remain the same but the perspective alters. Just as Henry VIII in The Henrician Chronicles made his actions plausible, and Margaret Beaufort made it quite clear that she had nothing to o with the deaths of Edward IV's sons, Marguerite turns her own reputation on its head.

She makes bad decision, she takes drastic action but she reminds us that she was slandered, her crown was stolen, her son disinherited and the ruling king, Henry VI murdered. 

She is not without guilt but her crimes were no less than those of York but they were not greater either. In Marguerite: Hell Hath no Fury, the queen emerges as a woman who would do all in her power to protect her son - just as any mother would.

Blurb

Marguerite: Queen of England

From the moment Henry VI's new queen, Marguerite of Anjou, sets foot on English soil she is despised by the English as a foreigner, and blamed for the failures of the hundred years war in France.

 Her enemies impede her role as the king’s consort and when Henry sinks into apparent madness her bid to become regent is rejected. Marguerite must fight, not only for her own position but to maintain Henry’s possession of the crown. 

The ambitious Duke, Richard of York seizes control of the country, thrusting Marguerite aside and inflating the mutual hatred between the houses of York and Lancaster. But the queen refuses to relinquish power and fights determinedly for the rights of her son, Edward of Lancaster.

The long and bitter civil conflict, that has come to be known as the war of the roses, commences.

Edmund Tudor: Father of the Tudor Dynasty

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Armoiries_Edmond_Tudor.png

My latest book, The Beaufort Bride follows the early years of Margaret Beaufort, mother to Henry VII. It is the first in a trilogy The Beaufort Chronicles. Book Two: The Beaufort Woman will be available later on in 2016. Today I am looking at Margaret's husband and father of her only son.

Edmund Tudor is best known as the father of Henry VII. His death in November 1456 at Carmarthen at the age of twenty-five means his presence on the historical record is scant. While his brother Jasper went on to play a leading role in the Wars of the Roses, Edmund passed into shadow. In most academic books he is mentioned briefly, often scathingly, but although short, his life was vital to British history. 

Edmund was the eldest son of Owen Tudor and Katherine de Valois, widow of Henry V. Katherine was rich and powerful, and a very desirable prize. The Protector, Humphrey of Gloucester disliked an attraction she formed for  the ambitious Edmund Beaufort and,  in 1427-28 an act was passed in parliament preventing Katherine from marrying without the consent of her son, the six year old King Henry VI. Even the king’s consent could not be given until he reached his majority; a clever move by parliament to disempower a prominent woman. Owen, a groom in Katherine’s household is a surprising choice for a woman of her status and there have been many theories to explain it. Perhaps the union between Owen and the queen dowager was a love match, perhaps not. There are suggestions that Edmund was in fact the bastard child of Edmund Beaufort and Tudor stepped in to save her reputation when marriage to Beaufort was denied but there is nothing to substantiate that claim. That particular subject requires a whole new blog and luckily there is a fabulous article by Susan Higginbotham about it here

Marriage of Katherine de Valois and Henry V https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Marriage_of_henry_and_Catherine.jpg

There is no existing record of a marriage taking place between Owen and Katherine and many think that, if they married at all, they did so in secret making their offspring the illegitimate issue of a common law marriage. Their first child, Edmund, was born in June 1431, followed by perhaps six others but only Edmund and Jasper had any prominent role in history.

After Katherine’s death in 1437 Edmund and Jasper were given to Catherine de la Pole, the abbess of Barking who brought them to the attention of their half-brother, Henry VI. After their education was complete Henry kept Edmund at court, knighting him in 1449 and creating him Earl of Richmond in 1452. In 1453 Edmund was made legitimate and endowed with large grants and property; he was also given the wardship of the heiress, Margaret Beaufort. In 1455 they were married at Margaret’s mother’s home, Bletsoe Castle. Margaret was twelve years old.

Shortly afterwards Edmund was sent by the king to Wales to quell unrest there. At first they stayed at Caldicot, where Margaret was to become pregnant, then moved to Lamphey Palace which Edmund used as his power base. Conflict with the Duke of York’s henchman, William Herbert, led to Edmund’s capture and imprisonment at Carmarthen castle where he died either from wounds inflicted in battle, or from some infection contracted during his interment. Margaret, now just thirteen and well advanced in pregnancy, turned to her brother-in-law, Jasper, for protection and fled to Pembroke castle where she gave birth to a son.

 

Pembroke castle, birthplace of Henry VII

There was nothing unusual in a girl marrying so young but in most instances consummation was postponed until the girl had matured. Edmund however, did not wait and Margaret fell pregnant straight away. There may have been a few contemporary raised eyebrows but there was no undue outrage, and Margaret was not alone. In 1350 Bianca of Savoy was married at thirteen and gave birth a year later, and in 1493, aged thirteen, Lucrezia Borgia married her first husband and bore a child within a few years. Of course, although records show that many more girls who married young didn’t give birth until they'd been married a few years this does not necessarily prove that consummation did not take place. We should perhaps consider if they were physically able to pro-create. Child birth is not an immediate evidence of consummation having taken place, it is often delayed. We should not be too quick to judge. 

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Margaret was as ambitious as her contemporaries, she may have considered herself lucky to have secured a relatively young and powerful husband. She was a cousin of the king, married to a beloved brother of the king. She could have done a lot worse. Had Edmund survived the outcome of the wars of the roses may have been very different and Margaret in a very good position.

I am not in any way condoning sex with young girls but we must not forget that the medieval mind set was vastly different to ours. When a young girl married it was seen as her taking her place in the adult world and celebrated as such. It is unlikely Margaret would have been expecting romance from marriage. She would not have been ignorant of the facts of life for there was little marital privacy in the medieval world. Marriages were celebrated by ‘bedding’; a custom when the wedding party accompanied the newly-weds to their chamber to witness them being put naked to bed. It was an occasion for ribaldry and jest, often a drunken finale to the wedding feast.

 

Margaret Tudor: Granddaughter of Margaret Beaufort https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Margaret_Tudor_-_Daniel_Mytens_-_1620-38.jpg

In many books, both fiction and non-fiction, the union of Margaret and Edmund is described in horrified tones. Elizabeth Norton in her book Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty, says the ‘marriage shows an unpleasant side of Edmund Tudor’s character, and it is clear that he was acquisitive to the point of disregarding his young wife’s health and well-being.’

Jones and Underwood in The King’s Mother describe the event as follows: ‘Edmund quickly made his twelve year old wife pregnant, his wish to secure a life interest in her estates taking priority over any concern for her safety and well-being.’

Margaret’s intervention in later life during the arrangements for her granddaughter and namesake, Margaret Tudor's marriage to the King of Scotland, is often taken as evidence that she regretted her own early union with Edmund. In ensuring that a clause was worked into the marriage treaty that consummation would not take place until her granddaughter was of age merely indicates Margaret regretted the unforeseen damage done by childbirth, not that she regretted her relationship with Edmund.

 

Margaret Tudor: grandaughter of Margaret Beaufort https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Margaret_Tudor_-_Daniel_Mytens_-_1620-38.jpg

Some novelists have taken Margaret's early deflowering and run with it, several novels describe lurid wedding night scenes involving abuse and rape. It may very well be true that greed was at the root of Edmund’s decision not to wait to consummate the marriage but that doesn't make him a monster. I prefer to consider other possible explanations.

Until a marriage was consummated it was easily annulled, co-habitation provided a form of protection to the couple. Margaret was a great marital prize in a time of political unrest, her position so close to an unstable crown made her valuable, not just to Edmund. 

I am not sure why modern day readers (and authors) relish the idea of violence. It does not automatically follow that early consummation meant she was subjected to any form of force. She wouldn’t be the first twelve year old to have formed romantic feelings for an older man. There is nothing else to suggest Edmund was anything other than a good, attractive man. Perhaps she was willing; perhaps she was gently wooed and seduced. 

Edmund Tudor's tomb photo by Judith Arnopp

In her later life there is no evidence that Margaret ever spoke critically of Edmund; some sources suggest she requested to be buried with him, a request that was denied for she lies at Westminster close to her son. Edmund Tudor may have taken Margaret's virginity at a young age, his action may well have made it impossible for her to conceive or carry another child but, in doing so, he gave her the very thing she most cherished; her son, Henry, the future Henry VII. A son to whose cause she was to dedicate the remainder of her life; a son who, despite two further marriages, was to remain the love and the focus of her very remarkable life. 

If Margaret held no resentment toward Edmund, why should we?

Coming soon

Pembroke castle photo by Judith Arnopp

Photographs from Wikimedia Commons

Further Reading

Elizabeth Norton, Margaret Beaufort; the King’s mother

Debra Bayani, Jasper Tudor, godfather of the Tudor dynasty

Jones, M.K. & Underwood, M. G The King’s Mother

Skidmore, C. The Rise of the Tudor Dynasty

Susan Higginbotham, Arms and the Man: Was Edmund Tudor illegitimate click to read

Judith Arnopp is the author of seven historical fiction novels set in the medieval and Tudor period. She is currently working on Book two of The Beaufort Chronicles: the life of Margaret Beaufort. To read excerpts and customer reviews please visit:

Her webpage: www.juditharnopp.com

Her Amazon page: http://author.to/juditharnoppbooks